Promulgated Rules Over the Last Two Years

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 2(l), 9, 13(b) and 14 of the Vermont Rules of Admission to the Bar of the Vermont Supreme Court

This Order was promulgated on April 7, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

The amendments have been made in preparation for the administration of the NextGen UBE in Vermont in July 2027 and in other jurisdictions prior to Vermont’s implementation.

Rule 2(l) includes the NextGen UBE under the definition of “Uniform Bar Examination.” The amendment to Rule 9(b)(2) sets the passing score for the NextGen UBE at 620. This score represents a direct mapping from the passing score of 270 on the legacy UBE. The amendment to Rule 9(c)(7)(B) incorporates the NextGen UBE into the requirement for refiling an application. The amendment to Rule 13(b) allows for the transfer of NextGen UBE scores from other jurisdictions prior to Vermont’s first administration of the NextGen UBE in July 2027. The amendment to Rule 14 ensures that NextGen UBE scores earned prior to Vermont’s first administration of the NextGen UBE in July 2027 are considered as part of the limitation on admission without examination.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 13 of the Vermont Rules of Probate Procedure

This Order was promulgated on March 2, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

The amendment reorganizes the rule regarding the statutory election rights and allowances available to a surviving spouse and minor children in accordance with amendments made to the relevant statutes in 2017. The rights of the surviving spouse and any minor children are now addressed separately in the rule and the timeframes for the exercise of the rights are identified.

As the homestead interest of the surviving spouse in Title 27 differs from the election in Title 14, both the title of the rule and the delineation of the rule have been modified to reflect the distinction. The homestead interest is not subject to a statutory deadline for its exercise. The proposed rule requires the spouse to exercise the right “within four months following the later of the date of service of the notice of election and rights or the date of service of the inventory.” In the absence of legislative changes to the homestead provisions, this timeframe provides clarity and consistency.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 60(c) of the Vermont Rules of Probate Procedure

This Order was promulgated on March 2, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

Rule 60(c) is amended to replace the word “served” with “filed” to clarify that the time deadline applies to filing with the court. This word change is also consistent with the triggering action for the time deadline for a motion to alter or amend in V.R.C.P. 59(e).
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 1, 2(h), 3, 5(d), and 6(c)of the 2020 Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing

This Order was promulgated on February 10, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

Rule 1(g) is added to authorize the Court Administrator to implement efiling for hearing panels of the Professional Responsibility Board.

The amendment to Rule 2(h) indicates that the term “judicial officer” as used in the rules includes a hearing panel member. The amendment to Rule 3(a) provides that electronic filing is required in matters before hearing panels after the effective date provided by the Court Administrator under Rule 1. Under new 3(b)(9), a licensed attorney who is self-represented in a matter before a hearing panel is not required to electronically file. The amendment to Rule 3(d)(2) clarifies the process for a self-represented litigant who elects to file before a hearing panel and then decides to discontinue efiling. The amendment to Rule 5(d) indicates that review of electronic filings in proceedings before hearing panels are done in the same manner as those submitted to superior courts. The filings may be rejected for failure to comply with the efiling rules, the public access rules, or if there is an error that cannot be corrected by court staff—for example, filing into the wrong case. The amendment to Rule 6(c) provides that review of nonelectronic filings in proceedings before hearing panels are done in the same manner as those submitted to the superior courts.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 13.D, 15, 16.B, 17.C., 18, and 27.A of A.O. 9, (Permanent Rules Governing Establishment and Operation of the Professional Responsibility Program)

This Order was promulgated on February 10, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

The amendments to Administrative Order 9 are made to implement electronic filing in proceedings before hearing panels of the Professional Responsibility Board. Rule 13.D updates terminology by replacing the word “original” with “answer” in recognition of the fact that electronic documents do not have an original as understood in the paper world. The amendments to Rule 13.D(4) and (5)(c) clarify that the panel sends orders and hearing notices; it does not serve the parties as that word is defined and used in Rule 18 and the incorporated civil and electronic filing rules. The amendment to Rule 15.A is to indicate that an admonition will be sent to the respondent, rather than served on the respondent. Other minor changes in language are not meant to alter the substance of the rules.

The amendment to Rule 16.B is to make a public file confidential if a private admonition is imposed. The amendment reflects the Professional Responsibility Board’s assessment that when a proceeding results in a sanction that, by rule, does not identify the respondent, the underlying file should also be confidential. 

The amendment to Rule 17.C is to indicate that although disciplinary counsel must send any order of suspension, disbarment, reinstatement, transfer to or from interim suspension status, and transfer to or from disability inactive status to all courts, it need not be certified. The amendment to the second sentence is to indicate that it is disciplinary counsel, not bar counsel, who is responsible for contacting a judge to get a respondent to comply with Rule 27.

The amendment to Rule 18 clarifies the requirements for filing and service. Rule 18.A delineates that the initial petition in either a disciplinary or disability proceeding must be filed by disciplinary counsel and served on the respondent. Rule 18.B is amended to clarify that filing and service of all subsequent pleadings and documents must be made as provided in V.R.C.P. 5, unless some other method is provided in the rules. Civil Rule 5 provides how documents must be filed with the panel and the methods for serving other parties, depending on if they are electronic filers.

The amendment to Rule 27.A clarifies how notice of a disciplinary or disability decision must be provided to clients, co-counsel in pending matters, and opposing counsel or adverse parties.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 615 of the Vermont Rules of Evidence

This Order was promulgated on February 10, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

The amendments to Rule 615 track similar changes to Federal Rule of Evidence 615. New subdivision (b) clarifies that a court issuing a sequestration order may also prohibit excluded witnesses from learning about, obtaining, or being provided with trial testimony. 
 

Promulgation Order Adding Rules 6(b)(18) and (19) to the Vermont Rules for Public Access to Court Records

This Order was promulgated on February 10, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

The addition of Rule 6(b)(18) clarifies that documents filed in connection with inquest proceedings are not publicly accessible. An inquest is a statutory discovery procedure used to determine whether sufficient evidence exists to prosecute a criminal matter. Traditionally, an inquest was an in-person proceeding at which the prosecutor would examine witnesses. Pursuant to statute, the hearing and transcript are not public. An inquest has become more focused on production of documents and there is no statute or rule addressing this modern use or the public-access status of documents filed with the court in that process. There is also no statute or rule addressing the public-access status of documents filed in a traditional inquest proceeding, other than the transcript of the evidentiary hearing. New Rule 6(b)(18) clarifies that all documents filed in connection with an inquest proceeding, whether it is a traditional in-person proceeding or the modern inquest subpoena process, are exempt from public access. This conforms with existing practice in the superior court. 

The addition of Rule 6(b)(19) clarifies that records of requests for nontestimonial identification orders (NTOs) are not publicly accessible. Vermont Rule of Criminal Procedure 41.1 provides the authority for NTOs. Rule 41.1 does not state whether records of pre-charge NTO proceedings are confidential. New Rule 6(b)(19) clarifies that such records are exempt from public access, consistent with current superior court practice and the exemption for search warrants. See V.R.P.A.C.R. 6(b)(2). 
 

Promulgation Order Amending A.O. 14

This Order, promulgated on February 10, 2026, and effective immediately, designates responsibility over motions to Justice Drescher for Area I (Chittenden, Grand Isle, Franklin, and Essex Counties), and Justice Nolan for Area II (Rutland, Addison, Bennington, and Windsor Counties).
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 11(f) of the 2020 Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing

This Order was promulgated on January 6, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

The amendment to Rule 11(f) conforms the rule to current practice. When first enacted, Rule 11(f) indicated that electronic filers would receive transmission of court notices, orders, and other documents through electronic means. Due to technical constraints, the automated electronic notice through the case-management system is available only for attorneys and not for self-represented litigants who choose to electronically file. In general, courts send official notice to self-represented litigants using regular mail. To alleviate confusion, the subdivision is amended to simply indicate that the court will transmit notices and orders to all parties and that the method may vary.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 21, 22, 23, and 24 of the Vermont Rules of Admission to the Bar of the Vermont Supreme Court

This Order was promulgated on January 6, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

Rule 21 is amended in conjunction with the adoption of § 19 to Administrative Order 41, which allows applicants who are pending admission and a member in good standing in another U.S. jurisdiction to practice under a provisional license. The Legal Intern Rules are revised to pertain only to law students, Law Office Study participants, and applicants for admission who are not admitted in another U.S. jurisdiction. In Rules 21, 22, 23, and 24, there is some reorganization, and the term “Legal Intern” is used for consistency. Rule 24 is amended to delete Rule 24(e), which addressed applicants already admitted in other states since that is covered by the provisional license. Rule 24(f) is relabeled Rule 24(e).
 

Promulgation Order Adding § 19 to Administrative Order No. 41 (Licensing of Attorneys)

This Order was promulgated on January 6, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

Section 19 is added to allow applicants for admission who are admitted in another U.S. jurisdiction to fully practice law in Vermont while awaiting the completion of the Character and Fitness process. The Legal Intern rules of the Rules of Admission remain in effect but now apply only to law students, Law Office Study participants, and applicants for admission who are not admitted in another U.S. jurisdiction.  Applicants must complete all required steps for full licensure, including taking the oath of admission, after the application process is complete.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 4(d)-(h) of the Vermont Rules of Probate Procedure

This Order was promulgated on January 6, 2026, effective July 1, 2026.

The amendment to Rule 4(d) uses the term restricted mail instead of certified mail to enable initial service by commercial carrier and expands avenues for providing notice when restricted mail notice does not appear to be effective for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to evasive parties and unreliable or unknown mailing addresses. In addition, the change to V.R.P.P. 4(d)(4) specifies that service by other means may include email or other forms of social media if ordered by the court. The amendments move service by publication from 4(e) to 4(d)(3) and provide the court with more discretion over the specifics of publication to provide the best opportunity for actual notice. Rule 4(e) pertains to proof of service and is modified to include requirements of proof with respect to the various forms of service. Paragraphs 4(f)-(h) are relettered (e)-(g).
 

Promulgation Order Making Permanent the Emergency Amendments to Rule 5(d)(1) of the 2020 Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing

This Order was promulgated on January 6, 2026, effective immediately.

This order makes permanent an emergency amendment that was made on October 6, 2025, regarding the process for reviewing new civil filings. When efiling was first rolled out beginning in March 2020, the Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing required clerk review before electronically filed documents were publicly accessible. Filings with confidential information were rejected and efilers were directed to redact and resubmit. Due to litigation, the United States District Court for the District of Vermont issued an injunction against any pre-access review of new civil complaints in late 2021, and the rules were amended to make new civil complaints accessible before clerk review. Following an appeal and a remand, the District Court entered a revised injunction that enjoined only the pre-access review process that was in place “during the Trial Evidence Period,” which ended on August 6, 2021. Therefore, the rule was again amended to allow for review of new civil complaints for confidential information before becoming publicly available. An expedited process for that limited pre-access review was implemented, and the Press Review Tool, which allowed public access to new civil complaints before clerk review for confidential information, was discontinued.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Administrative Order No. 18 (Chief Superior Judge)

This Order was promulgated on January 6, 2026, effective immediately.

The amendment adds new § 4(c)(9) to the list of Chief Superior Judge duties to include resolving scheduling conflicts relating to the transport of detained persons. Former § 4(c)(9) is renumbered § 4(c)(10).
 

Promulgation Order Making Emergency Permanent and Further Amending Rule 4.2(e) of the Vermont Rules for Family Proceedings

This Order was promulgated on October 29, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

Rule 4.2(e) was amended in November 2024 on an emergency basis to streamline the change of venue for post-judgment motions in divorce matters. Those amendments are now permanent. Under the emergency rule, if neither party resides in the county where the most-recent order was amended and the filer affirms that that the filer is still a resident of Vermont, venue shifts to the filer’s county of residence. The rule is further amended to indicate that this venue change is automatic unless the filing party requests otherwise. 
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 106 of the Vermont Rules of Evidence

This Order was promulgated on October 29, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

The amendment follows a similar amendment to the Federal Rules of Evidence, and clarifies that, in situations where fairness requires completion, completing statements are admissible over a hearsay objection. The rule of completeness is grounded in fairness and cannot fulfill its function if the party that creates a misimpression about the meaning of a proffered statement can then object on hearsay grounds and exclude a statement that would correct the misimpression. 
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 9(c) of the Vermont Rules for Family Proceedings

This Order was promulgated on October 29, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

Rule 9(c) regarding emergency relief in abuse-prevention proceedings is amended as follows. First, references to “district and superior” judges and “family court” are deleted as outdated. Second, the amendment allows a court to request a supplemental affidavit if an affidavit is insufficient to meet the requirements for a temporary order.
 

Order Promulgating Emergency Amendment to Rule 5 of the 2020 Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing

This Emergency Order was promulgated on October 6, 2025, effective immediately.

When court filings were entirely paper, court staff reviewed filings for confidential information before the filings were made public to prevent confidential information from being disclosed to the public. When efiling was first rolled out beginning in March 2020, the Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing required clerk review before electronically filed documents were publicly accessible for the same reason. Filings with confidential information were rejected and efilers were directed to redact and resubmit.

The COVID-19 pandemic struck at the same time that efiling was being rolled out, resulting in staffing shortages and equipment challenges. Associated delays in reviewing new civil complaints prompted a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Vermont that led to an injunction against any pre-access review of new civil complaints in late 2021. Pursuant to an Emergency Order amending Rule 5(d) of the Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing dated December 20, 2021, new civil complaints were made accessible before clerk review as a result of the District Court’s injunction while the decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. A “Press Review Tool” allowing public access to new civil complaints before clerk review was incorporated into the Judiciary’s Public Access Terminals as a result of the injunction.

On appeal, the Second Circuit found that the pandemic-impacted pre-access review process did not pass constitutional muster. It also observed that the “speed and efficiency” of the Judiciary’s process to review new complaints had improved substantially over time and found that “forbidding any and all review of complaints” prior to public release was “not justified,” and vacated the District Court’s injunction due to its overbreadth. Courthouse News Serv. v. Corsones, 131 F.4th 59, 63 (2d Cir. 2025). Pursuant to this ruling, the District Court entered a revised injunction on remand that enjoined only the pre-access review process that was in place “during the Trial Evidence Period.” The Trial Evidence Period ended on August 6, 2021.

In short, the Second Circuit joined other courts in confirming that there is not an unconditional right of instantaneous access to court filings.  Id. at 66. Pre-access review for confidential information is permissible if it is “well-tailored” and “sufficiently speedy” to comply with the First Amendment’s demands.  Id. at 76. In accordance with that guidance, the rule amendment provides for new civil complaints to be reviewed for confidential information before becoming publicly available.  An expedited process for that limited pre-access review has also been implemented. The Press Review Tool that allowed public access to new civil complaints before clerk review for confidential information is discontinued.

Members of the public can continue to access new civil complaints on the Public Access Terminals in courthouses or through the Judiciary’s procedure to request access to court records. Information about both of these access methods are set forth on the Judiciary’s website, linked here. For general questions regarding e-filing processes, please contact efilesupport@vtcourts.gov

Comments on this emergency amendment should be sent by December 6, 2025, to Hon. John A. Dooley (Ret.), Chair of the Advisory Committee on Rules for Electronic Filing, at the following address:

Honorable John A. Dooley, (Ret.), Chair
John.Dooley@vtcourts.gov
 

Order Promulgating Emergency Amendment to Rule 80.3(g) of the Vermont Rules of Probate Procedure

This Emergency Order was promulgated on October 6, 2025, effective January 1, 2025.

Rule 80.3(g) is amended to correct cross references from paragraphs (a)(4) and (5) to (a)(5) and (6). The rule is amended without a notice and comment period to avoid any confusion from the existing incorrect cross references.

Comments on this emergency amendment should be sent by December 6, 2025, to Hon. Kathryn Kennedy, Chair of the Advisory Committee on Rules of Probate Procedure, at the following address:

Hon. Kathryn A.C. Kennedy
Kathryn.Kennedy@vtcourts.gov
 

Promulgation Amending Rules 10(b)(8)(A) and 31(a)(1) of the Vermont Rules of Appellate Procedure

This Order was promulgated on October 6, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

The amendment to V.R.A.P. 10(b)(8) updates a cross reference to V.R.A.P. 24, which was renumbered in 2021. The amendment to V.R.A.P. 31(a) deletes an obsolete cross reference to V.R.A.P. 10(c)(2), which was deleted in 2021 after the superior courts ceased using video-recorded proceedings. 
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 9(d) of the 2020 Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing

This Order was promulgated on October 6, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

The amendments to Rule 9(d)(1), (d)(1)(B), and (d)(2) are to align the rule language more closely with current practice. The rule previously allowed electronic signatures to be used on “court-generated” documents. Courts and court personnel may electronically sign documents, such as proposed orders, that are not generated by the court. 
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 54(a) of the Vermont Rules of Probate Procedure

This Order was promulgated on October 6, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

Rule 54(a) is amended to provide a list decrees and orders in the probate division that are appealable. Appealable orders were not previously defined in either the civil rules or the probate rules but developed through case law.  Given the nature of probate proceedings, many interim orders may be final and appealable.  The amendment is meant to provide guidance to parties and the court to expedite proceedings and prevent delay or loss of appellate rights.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 4(c) of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure

This Order was promulgated on October 6, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

Rule 4(c) is amended to expedite the special appointment of a process server in response to concerns about delayed service of process due to limited availability of county officers. The rule now aligns with 12 V.S.A. § 731, which authorizes special appointment if it appears that service will be more economical or efficient than service by an officer. The amended rule requires service of the appointment order with the other documents to address concerns that the party being served will recognize the validity of the service.
 

Promulgation Order Amending A.O. 9, Rules 2, 5, 6.C and D, and 12 (Permanent Rules Governing Establishment and Operation of the Professional Responsibility Program)

This Order was promulgated on October 6, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

In 2021, the Court amended A.O. 9 to create the Bar Assistance Program. The amendments included removing Bar Counsel from the process by which disciplinary complaints are screened based on a recommendation from the Professional Responsibility Board. The Board now recommends amending A.O. 9 to return the screening function to Bar Counsel to provide consistency in screening and guidance, and ensure an active nondisciplinary, dispute-resolution process remains a critical component of regulation.  Therefore, Rule 2 is amended to remove the position of Screening Counsel. The amendment to Rule 5.A. reflects that, pursuant to Rule 12.A, Bar Counsel will screen all disciplinary complaints. The remaining paragraphs are re-lettered.  The changes to Rules 6.C and 6.D reflect the amendments to Rules 5 and 12 designating to Bar Counsel the task of screening disciplinary complaints. The amendment to Rule 6.D reflects the fact that there will be situations in which dismissing a complaint is not appropriate even though a disciplinary investigation or disciplinary prosecution is not warranted. The amendments to Rule 12 replace all references to “Screening Counsel” with “Bar Counsel.” Rule 12 is also reorganized for clarity.
 

Promulgation Order Adding 4(c)(3) to Administrative Order No. 18 (Chief Superior Judge)

This Order was promulgated on September 2, 2025, effective immediately.

The amendment to A.O. 18 adds paragraph 4(c)(3), which provides that the Chief Superior Judge reviews and approves all standing orders prior to their implementation and use in the trial courts. The new provision also indicates that absent good cause found by the Chief Superior Judge, all standing orders must contain a sunset date.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Administrative Order No. 50 (Adding Chittenden Unit)

This Order was promulgated on August 12, 2025, effective August 25, 2025.

Administrative Order 50, which authorizes a pilot project for service by the Office of Child Support in certain cases, is amended to expand the project to the Chittenden Unit.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 17(f) of the Vermont Rules for Family Proceedings

This Order was promulgated on August 4, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

The amendment to Rule 17(f) of the Vermont Rules for Family Proceedings adds Abuse Maltreatment Prevention for Vulnerable Adults as a proceeding where participation can be either in person or remote unless a court orders participation by a particular method. These proceedings are very similar in nature to abuse-prevention proceedings already covered by V.R.F.P. 17(f) and stalking proceedings under V.R.C.P. 43.1(k).
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 65(b)(1) of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure

This Order was promulgated on August 4, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

The amendment to Rule 65(b)(1) deletes the option to apply for a preliminary injunction in the complaint without a motion. Including a motion in the complaint resulted in inadvertent scheduling delays. Under the amended rule, a motion is required. This brings an application for preliminary injunction within the uniform motion practice of Rule 7, under which a party must apply for a court order by motion stating the grounds with particularity and must request to present evidence by motion stating the evidence the party wishes to offer. V.R.C.P. 7(b)(1) & (6). The amendment makes other changes for clarity and consistency intended to be stylistic only.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 1(b) of the Vermont Rules for Family Proceedings

This Order was promulgated on August 4, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

Section 5225(f) of Title 33 authorizes the court to order a child who is the subject of a delinquency petition to abide by conditions of release pending a merits or disposition hearing. The amendment to Rule 1(b) allows a judicial officer to set temporary conditions of release prior to a preliminary hearing providing that the judicial officer has found probable cause and has determined that conditions are necessary to prevent bodily injury to the juvenile or another person or harm to property. The threshold finding for issuance of temporary conditions prior to the preliminary hearing parallels the language in V.R.Cr.P. 4(c)(1)(D).
 

Promulgation Order Adding Rule 19 to the Vermont Rules for Family Proceedings

This Order was promulgated on August 4, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

Rule 19 is added to provide rules of procedure for obtaining an Extreme Risk Protection Order (ERPO) in accordance with 13 V.S.A. §§ 4051-4061. Under the ERPO statute, a state’s attorney or the Attorney General may request an order prohibiting a person from possessing a firearm or explosive for up to six months if the person’s possession thereof poses an extreme risk of harm to the person or other persons. A 2023 amendment permits a family or household members to file an ERPO petition. Rule 19(a) specifies that the rules of civil procedure apply to ERPO proceedings with certain exceptions and modifications. Rule 19(b) specifies who may file an ERPO petition. Rule 19(c) sets forth the required allegations for an ERPO petition consistent with 13 V.S.A. § 4053(c). Rule 19(d) permits the issuance of temporary ex parte orders without notice to the respondent upon motion and affidavit in accordance with 13 V.S.A. § 4054(a)-(b). Rule 19(e) requires that if a petition is denied, the reasons for the denial must be recorded in writing and given to the petitioner. Rule 19(f) outlines the process for the substitution of a state’s attorney and the transmission of all court documents in the case when a petition is filed by a family or household member. Rule 19(g) addresses the procedure for voluntary dismissals by the prosecutor prior to a hearing on the ERPO petition. Rule 19(h) addresses the requirements for ERPO orders issued by the court. Rule 19(i) permits the issuance of ex parte orders by electronic means. Rule 19(j) sets forth the procedures for termination motions filed by respondents. V.R.F.P. 19(k) sets the procedure for renewal motions.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 3.4 of the Vermont Code of Judicial Conduct

This Order was promulgated on July 8, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

The amendment to Rule 3.4 is to explicitly allow a judge to participate on a volunteer fire department or rescue squad. Service as a volunteer member of a fire department or rescue squad is comparable to serving as a volunteer for a nonprofit organization, which is permitted in certain circumstances and subject to certain restrictions under Rule 3.7. New Comment [3] explains the benefit of having judges perform this function and the financial reporting requirement for compensation received.
 

Promulgation Order Making Permanent Amendments to Rule 9.2 of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure

This Order was promulgated on June 2, 2025, effective October 1, 2025.

Rule 9.2 was adopted September 13, 2022, effective October 1, 2022, to effectuate requirements of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act), Public Law No. 116-136, 15 U.S.C. § 9058. The promulgation order provided that the rule would expire September 30, 2025, and directed the Advisory Committee to review the operation of Rule 9.2 and recommend whether to terminate, extend, or revise the rule. V.R.C.P. 9.2(b) enforces the existing notice requirement in 15 U.S.C. § 9058(c)(1). As such, V.R.C.P. 9.2 is made permanent and remains in effect.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 2(a), 9(b), 9(c)(7)(D), 11, 12, 13, 15(c), and 20(c) of the Rules of Admission

This Order was promulgated on June 2, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

These amendments are intended to encourage new attorneys to stay and practice in Vermont. The amendment to Rule 2(a)(8) removes the requirement in the catch-all provision that the legal work must be performed in a jurisdiction in which the applicant is admitted. The amendment to Rule 9(b)(1) removes the requirement that the UBE exam must be taken no later than 5 years after an applicant completes the necessary educational requirements. To the Board’s knowledge, no other jurisdiction has such a rule. The amendment to Rule 9(c)(7)(D) allows an applicant who is denied admission after achieving a passing score to use that score to satisfy the exam requirement for admission for up to 5 years. The amendment to Rule 11 removes the good-cause extension for achieving a passing score on the MPRE within 3 years of passing the UBE.

There are several amendments to Rule 12 concerning CLEs and the mentorship requirement. Under the changes, applicants may commence their mentorship up to one year prior to admission to the bar and may count CLEs towards their mentorship hours. This change reflects the Board’s desire to lessen the post-admission burden to applicants admitted by examination or transferred UBE score. Rule 12(b) is amended to change the result of a failure to complete the first-year requirements from suspension to placement on inactive status. 

Rule 13, concerning admission by transferred UBE score, is amended in (b)(2) to extend the age of a qualifying transferred UBE score to 5 years. To conform to the Rule 9 changes, Rule 13(d) is deleted to remove the five-years-from-graduation requirement. In conjunction with the amendment to Rule 11, former Rule 13(e) pertaining to the MPRE removes the good-cause extension. Also, the age of a usable MPRE score is extended to 5 years, to match the age of a usable UBE score. 

The amendment to Rule 15(c) simplifies the language and requires that an attorney admitted without examination is subject to the post-admission CLE requirement detailed in Rule 12(a)(1). The amendment to Rule 20(c) allows the Board to extend for good cause the 90-day time limit on completing an oath of admission, signing the licensing statement, and paying the licensing fee.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 502 of the Vermont Rules of Evidence

This Order was promulgated on June 2, 2025, effective January 1, 2026.

This amendment to Rule 502 extends an evidentiary privilege to communications between a client and a lawyer referral and information service made for the purpose of seeking professional legal services. The amendment does not affect the rules of professional conduct or otherwise define what constitutes an attorney-client relationship.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 3(a) and (b)(3) of the Vermont Rules of Probate Procedure

Rule 3(a) is amended to provide reference to the alternatives to notice to all interested persons outlined in paragraphs (b)(2) and (3). Rule 3(b)(3) is amended to make it consistent with 14 V.S.A. § 107, which enables the court to allow a petition if all the heirs at law and surviving spouse consent. Consent is not required of all other interested persons.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 30(b) and (e) of the Vermont Rules of Appellate Procedure

This Order was promulgated on April 7, 2025, effective July 1, 2025.

The amendment adds Rule 30(e) to state the filing deadlines for a required printed case and any optional printed case. These deadlines were inadvertently omitted when the requirement of a printed case was reinstated in 2024. Rule 30(e) provides that the appellant must file a required printed case, or any optional printed case, when the appellant’s principal brief is filed. The deadline for an appellee to file any supplemental printed case, formerly in subdivision (b), is unchanged and is now in subdivision (e). Former subdivision (e), relating to costs of production is relabeled as (f).

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 6(6) of and Adding Rule 14 to the Rules of Supreme Court for Disciplinary Control of Judges

 This Order was promulgated on March 10, 2025, effective July 1, 2025.
 
The amendment to Rule 6(6) imposes two requirements regarding complaints of misconduct or disability. First, new Rule 6(6)(a) requires that the complaint must contain a concise statement of facts to support the alleged misconduct or disability. This requirement allows the Board to focus its attention and resources on colorable complaints. Second, under new Rule 6(6)(b), repetitive complaints filed by the same complainant and found not be meritorious need not be addressed by the Board. The Chair or Vice Chair of the Board determines whether a complaint meets the standard.
 
The addition of Rule 14 provides a mechanism for the Board to restrict the filing of complaints by complainants who have abused the procedure. Successive and frivolous complaints strain limited resources and do not further the purposes of the complaint procedure. The rule is based on a federal court rule also aimed at curtailing abuse of the complaint procedure.

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 12.D of Administrative Order No. 9, Permanent Rules Governing Establishment and Operation of the Professional Responsibility Program

 This Order was promulgated on March 10, 2025, effective July 1, 2025.
 
This amendment pertains to review of screening counsel’s decision to dismiss a complaint against an attorney. The amendment specifies that a complainant must seek review of screening counsel’s decision within 30 days of the date of the decision. The amendment also provides that review is on the record.

Promulgation Order Deleting V.R.C.P. 11(e) and amending V.R.C.P. 43(d) and Rule 43(h); V.R.C.P. 56(c)(1), (2), and (6); and Rule 56(d) and Rule 56(h)

This Order was promulgated on February 3, 2025, effective July 1, 2025.

The amendments involve the use of a declaration in place of an affidavit or notarized statement. Rule 11(e), which authorized use of a declaration in lieu of a statement made under oath, an affidavit, or a notarized document is deleted. Rule 11(e) did not apply when an oath, affidavit, or notarization was required by statute. Amendments to 4 V.S.A. § 27b by 2023, No. 46, § 4, permit a broadening of the declaration rule. The changes simultaneously adopt Rule 43(h) and authorize use of a declaration without exception whenever the rules or a court order require filing or service of an affidavit or a statement signed under oath. Rule 56 is amended to refer to a “declaration,” an unsworn document signed subject to the penalties of perjury under these rules or applicable law. Under Rule 56(b)(6), a declaration used to support or oppose a summary judgment motion must be based on personal knowledge.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 3, 4(a)(2), (d)(6)(A), (e)(5), 5(a)(2), (b)(1), (b)(4)(A), (c), (f), (h)(1)(A) and (k)(1) of the Vermont Rules for Environmental Court Proceedings

This Order was promulgated on February 3, 2025, effective July 1, 2025.

The amendment to Rule 5(b)(4)(A) requires service of the notice of appeal on the applicant immediately after the appellant files the notice of appeal and mails a copy to the municipal panel. The purpose of this proposed amendment is to provide sufficient notice to applicants and mitigate delay while appellants are in the process of identifying other interested persons to notify.

References to the now-abrogated 2010 Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing, which were replaced with the 2020 Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing, have been deleted. 
 

Promulgation Order Amending A.O. 24 (Advisory Committee on the Rules of Probate Procedure)

This Order was promulgated on February 3, 2025, effective immediately.

Administrative Order 24, § 1 is amended to add a superior court clerk to the committee, increasing the overall size of the committee from eleven to twelve members. The addition of a superior court clerk will provide helpful insight on court processes across divisions.
 

Promulgation Order Abrogating A.O. 5 (Prompt Disposition of Criminal Cases)

This Order was promulgated on December 16, 2024, effective immediately.

Administrative Order No. 5 is abrogated in its entirety. 

This order was promulgated in 1972 to promote the prompt and efficient disposition of criminal causes. The order established priorities for scheduling of criminal cases and set time periods within which a trial should proceed depending on whether a defendant was in custody and absent exceptional circumstances. The time frames were discretionary, however, and did not bind trial courts or entitle defendants to dismissal for noncompliance. Moreover, the time frames were not realistic, particularly for complex felony cases and became outdated. The disposition guidelines for criminal cases are separately established in Administrative Directive 24 and are concurrently updated:

Promulgation Order Amending § 11(b) of Administrative Order No. 41 (Licensing of Attorneys) 

This Order was promulgated on December 16, 2024, effective July 1, 2025.

Administrative Order 41 § 11(b) requires attorneys on pro bono emeritus status to obtain MCLE credit in ethics. The amendment changes the amount of time from two hours to one to make 
§ 11(b) consistent with Rule 3(B)(4) of the Vermont Rules for Mandatory Continuing Legal Education, which sets the ethics requirement for attorneys on pro bono emeritus status at one hour.

Promulgation Order Amending Promulgation Order Amending Rules 16.2 and 26(f) of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure

This Order was promulgated on December 16, 2024, effective July 1, 2025.

The amendments Rule 16.2 on scheduling orders conform the rule to best practice. Under the changes, a scheduling order may be issued on stipulation of the parties, without the necessity of a hearing or conference. A date for the close of all discovery is added to the list of contents of a scheduling order. This conforms to the standard form and is the key deadline used by clerks in case-flow management. In addition, the amendment adds “other appropriate matters” to the list of contents of a scheduling order. The amended rule also updates and re-organizes the language of the rule for clarity, without changing the meaning or intent.

The amendment to Rule 26(f) clarifies that the plan and schedule for discovery to be established following a Rule 26(f) discovery conference will be a scheduling order under Rule 16.2 and that, if Rule16.3 requires mediation, the discovery conference order must include a date for completion of mediation. Rule 26(f) is amended to delete an existing provision about altering or amending a discovery order.
 

Order Abrogating A.O. 54 (Provision of Legal Services Following Flood Emergency)

This Order promulgated on November 4, 2024, effective January 1, 2025.

Administrative Order No. 54 is abrogated in its entirety. On August 7, 2023, in response to the floods that devasted Vermont in July 2023, the Court promulgated Administrative Order 54. The order created a “Limited Emergency Pro Bono Law License” that authorized Vermont lawyers on inactive status and out-of-state lawyers to provide pro bono legal services to those impacted by the floods without activating their law licenses or obtaining formal admission under Administrative Order 41. Under § 6, the basis for the emergency license was set to end when the Court “declares that the Flood Emergency has either ended or abated to such an extent that relaxation of the Rules of Admission to the Bar of the Supreme Court and Supreme Court Administrative Order 41 is no longer required.”

Although many Vermonters continue to cope with the impact of the 2023 floods, the emergency has ended, at least to the extent that it warranted relaxation of the Rules of Admission and Administrative Order 41. Therefore, the Administrative Order is abrogated.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 4.1(a)(2) and (3) and 4.3 of the Vermont Rules for Family Proceedings

This Order promulgated on November 4, 2024, effective January 3, 2025.

This Order has been promulgated without using an effective date of January 1 or July 1 as ordinarily required by Administrative Order 11, § 9, because there is an immediate need for the rules to comply with the statutory requirements of 14 V.S.A. § 3098, including waiver of service.

The amendments to Rules 4.1 and 4.3 are in response to legislative changes from 2020 related to vulnerable noncitizen children under 14 V.S.A. § 3098. The Vermont legislation applies in any court with jurisdiction over an unmarried individual under the age of 21 and not a citizen of the United States. In the family division this includes all proceedings governed by Rule 4.1 in which custody of a noncitizen child is at issue and a petition for special findings has been filed. Rule 4.1(a)(2)(I) is added to permit the court to waive service of the petition for special findings as authorized by § 3098(d). Rule 4.1(a)(3)(D) is added to permit the postponement of a case-manager conference in cases where a petition for special findings has been filed until the court has heard and decided the petition.
 

Emergency Order Amending Rule 4.2(e) of the Vermont Rules for Family Proceedings

This Emergency Order promulgated on November 4, 2024, effective immediately.

V.R.F.P. 4.2(e) which determines the venue for post-judgment motions is amended by emergency order to accommodate changes in process due to the advent of electronic filing. Under the prior rule, if one or both parties lived in Vermont but neither resided in the county where the most-recent final judgment was entered, the filing party could file a post-judgment motion in the county of current residence, and the court would move the paper file from the prior county to the county where the motion was filed. The efiling system will not accept electronic filings into a county different from that indicated on the case. Therefore, regardless of current residence, a post-judgment motion must initially be filed in the county where the most-recent judgment was entered. 

Under the amended rule if either party still resides in the county where the most-recent judgment was entered, venue remains in that county regardless of whether the filer continues to reside in that county. If neither party resides in that county and the filer affirms in writing that the filer is still a resident of Vermont, venue shifts to the filer’s county of current residence. The filer does not have to file a motion to change venue. The court on its own motion automatically changes the venue for the case to the county where the filer resides. 

Comments on this emergency amendment should be sent by January 6, 2025, to Hon. Kerry Ann McDonald-Cady, Chair of the Advisory Committee on the Rules for Family Proceedings, at the following address:

Hon. Kerry Ann McDonald-Cady, Chair
Kerry.McDonald-Cady@vtcourts.gov
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 80.1(b)(3) of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure

This Order was promulgated on October 8, 2024, effective January 1, 2025.

Rule 80.1(b)(3) is amended to require service of a blank Verified Answer - Foreclosure Case form and a blank Notice of Appearance for Self-Represented Litigant form. Rule 4(b) already requires service of blank answer and notice of appearance forms. Rule 80.1(c) requires that the answer in a foreclosure case be verified to avoid default. The amendment specifies that the answer form served be a verified answer form conforming substantially to the form approved by the Court Administrator for use in a foreclosure case.

Promulgation Order Making Permanent the Emergency Amendments to Rules 17(b) and 20(e)(3) of the Vermont Rules of Admission to the Bar of the Vermont Supreme Court

This Order promulgated on October 8, 2024, effective immediately, permanently adopts the amendments promulgated by emergency order on September 13, 2022, effective October 1, 2022. 

On an emergency basis in 2022, Rule 17(b) was amended to allow a hearing panel to preside remotely or to allow or require remote participation and Rule 20(e)(3) was added to permit the oath of admission to be administered remotely in real time by video.  

These emergency amendments are now made permanent.
 

Promulgation Order Permanently Adopting Amendments to Rule 24 of the Vermont Rules of Criminal Procedure

This Order promulgated on September 9, 2024, effective immediately, permanently adopts the amendments promulgated by emergency order on August 9, 2022, effective September 6, 2022.

Rule 24 was amended on an emergency basis in 2022 to permit the court to impanel a reasonable number of alternate jurors, depending on the anticipated length and complexity of the trial, and other factors such as the existing public-health conditions.  That emergency amendment is now made permanent.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 15 of the Vermont Rules for Family Proceedings

This Order was promulgated on August 12, 2024, effective January 1, 2025.

The amendment to Rule 15 deletes subdivision (i) requiring inclusion of an eCabinet registration number. With the advent of the electronic case management system, attorney eCabinet registration numbers are no longer required to be submitted on filings.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 104, 106, 301, 303, 404, 405, 411, 502, 503, 504, 505, 509, 601, 602, 603, 604, 606, 607, 608, 610, 611, 612, 613, 615, 705, 706, 801, 803, 804, 806, 902, 1004, and 1007 of the Vermont Rules of Evidence

This Order was promulgated on August 12, 2024, effective January 1, 2025.

The amendments remove gendered terms and pronouns and make some small stylistic changes.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 1(i)(2)(B) and (i)(7) of the Vermont Rules for Family Proceedings

This Order was promulgated on August 12, 2024, effective January 1, 2025.

The amendments to V.R.F.P. 1(i)(2)(B) and (i)(7) replace outdated terminology. The amendments are not intended to change the range of disabilities covered by the previous terminology.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 1(D) and 4(A) of the Vermont Rules for Mandatory Continuing Legal

Education

This Order was promulgated on August 12, 2024, effective January 1, 2025.

The amendments to Rules 1(D) and 4(A) clarify that programs for judicial officers generally do not qualify for credit as continuing legal education because they are not aimed at increasing or maintaining an attorney’s professional competence. Accredited sponsors that are focused on education for judicial officers must certify for credit the portions of courses or presentations that meet the requirement that the education will “increase the attendee’s professional competence and skills as an attorney.” Rule 4(A).
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 2(c) and 8(c) of the 2020 Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing

This Order was promulgated on June 3, 2024, effective January 1, 2025.

The amendment to Rule 2(c) clarifies that the electronic case file is limited to the items in the Judiciary’s electronic case management system.

The amendment to Rule 8(c) addresses digital evidence exhibits that cannot be filed through the electronic filing system. Electronically filed documents must be in PDF format. See 2020 V.R.E.F. 7(a). Some digital evidence with different file types, such as audio and video files, cannot be submitted through the electronic filing system or stored in the case management system. This digital evidence must be submitted to the court through the Vermont Digital Evidence Portal (VDEP) as provided in Administrative Order 55. However submitted, all exhibits must be listed on the litigant’s exhibit list and the electronic case record must be updated to reflect whether the exhibit was offered and admitted.
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 2, 9(c)(2), and 10 of the Vermont Rules of Admission to the Bar of the Vermont Supreme Court

This Order was promulgated on June 3, 2024, effective January 1, 2025.

Rules 2 and 10 are amended in preparation for the transition to the NextGen bar exam at a future date. The amendments to Rule 2 include deleting former subdivisions (h), (i), and (j), which contain definitions for “Multistate Bar Examination,” “Multistate Essay Examination,” and “Multistate Performance Test,” as those will not be stand-alone sections of the NextGen bar exam. Former (k) through (o) are relabeled (h) to (l). The definition of “Uniform Bar Examination” in subdivision (l) is amended to include the NextGen exam and to clarify that any mention of “bar examination” or similar terms refer to the Uniform Bar Examination. The amendments remove former subdivision 10(b) because it referenced the Multistate Bar Examination. Subdivisions (c) and (d) are relabeled (b) and (c).

The amendments to Rule 9 make the exam application deadlines in Rule 9(c)(2)(A) and (B) two weeks earlier to allow more time for the Board to process requests for exam accommodations, including the possible use of outside experts.  The rule change does not become effective until January 1, 2025.  Therefore, the existing exam application deadline in Rule 9(c)(2)(B) of December 1, 2024 remains in effect for the February 2025 exam. 
 

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 4(c), (d), (e), and (f) of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure

This Order was promulgated on June 3, 2024, effective January 1, 2025.

The amendments to Rule 4 update its provisions to current practice and terminology. The amendments to the caption and text of Rule 4(d) and (e) delete the references to “personal” service. Rule 4(d)(2) is amended to aggregate into a single subdivision the methods of service on the State of Vermont or any agency or officer thereof. Former Rule 4(f)(2), relating to mail service on an officer of the state as a statutory process agent, is moved to Rule 4(d)(2). The existing provision of Rule 4(d)(2), for service in false claims actions, is reworded for clarity with no change of meaning intended. The amendment recaptions Rule 4(f) to “Service by Mail Outside the State.” The text is reorganized to clarify each step in the mail service process and, in some cases, to modify the requirements of the existing rule. The amendment to Rule 4(f)(1) clarifies what was implicit in the original rule, that it applies only to service by mail outside the state. Rule 4(f)(2) changes the requirement to use “registered or certified mail, with restricted delivery and return receipt requested” to any mail delivery method that “requires a signature by the addressee or by the agent of the addressee for receipt of mail.” The amendment to Rule 4(f)(3) clarifies when service by first-class mail under Rule 4(f) is permitted and how it is completed.
 

Promulgation Order Amending A.O. 50 (Adding Rutland Unit)

This Order was promulgated on June 3, 2024, effective immediately.

Administrative Order 50, which authorizes a pilot project for service by the Office of Child Support in certain cases, is amended to expand the project to the Rutland Unit.
 

Promulgation Order Amending A.O. 55

This Order was promulgated on June 3, 2024, effective immediately.

Administrative Order 55, § 3 is amended to make VDEP mandatory in all units and divisions of the superior court.
 

Promulgation Order Amending V.R.Cr.P. 41.1(b) and (c)

This Order was promulgated on May 6, 2024, effective January 1, 2025.

The amendments to Rules 41.1(b) and (c) make the rule consistent with V.R.Cr.P. 41(d)(4), enabling applications for nontestimonial identification orders to be made by reliable electronic means, as well as in person, with supporting affidavits sworn to either in person, or by telephone if the application is by reliable electronic means.

Promulgation Order Amending A.O. 55 (Submission and Storage of Digital Evidence)

This Order was promulgated on May 6, 2024, effective immediately.

Administrative Order 55, § 3 is amended to clarify that the requirements of the order do not apply to contraband, such as images or video containing child sexual abuse material. Counsel should seek guidance from the court to identify the process for submitting this material into evidence.

Promulgation Order Adding A.O. 55 – Submission and Storage of Digital Evidence

This Order was promulgated on April 1, 2024; effective immediately.

Administrative Order 55 addresses how litigants are required to submit digital evidence such as video and audio recordings or high-quality photographs. Files that are not PDFs cannot be submitted through the Judiciary’s electronic filing system or stored in the electronic case management system. Traditionally, this evidence was submitted to the court on a physical device, such as a thumb drive or DVD. These methods presented several challenges, including difficulty accessing the exhibits from other counties or by the Supreme Court on appeal. VDEP provides a secure online database to store these exhibits for ready access by all court users. Digital evidence can easily be shared with other case parties. The Judiciary website contains detailed instructions on how to use VDEP.

Pursuant to § 3, in all units of the criminal division, attorneys, self-represented parties, and other case participants are required to upload any digital evidence to VDEP. 

All evidence that can be saved as a PDF file (for example, documents and photographs) must continue to be filed as required by existing procedural rules and the 2020 Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing.

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 9(b)(2) of the Vermont Rules of Small Claims Procedure

This Order was promulgated on April 1, 2024, effective July 1, 2024.

Rule 9(b)(2) is revised to update its reference to the location of the list of exemptions that formerly appeared as Form 34 of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure.

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 11(a) of the Vermont Rules of Civil Procedure

This Order was promulgated on April 1, 2024, effective July 1, 2024.

Rule 11(a) is amended to require every pleading, written motion, and other document that requires a signature to include the signer’s telephone number. The primary purpose of this change is to assist self-represented litigants who wish to contact an opposing attorney by telephone.

Promulgation Order Amending Rule 28(g)(1) of the Vermont Rules of Appellate Procedure

This Order was promulgated on April 1, 2024, effective July 1, 2024.

Rule 28(g)(1) is revised to update its cross-reference to the word-count limits in Rule 32. Former Rule 32(a)(7) is now (a)(4).

Promulgation Order Amending Rules 3(e) and 27(a)(3) of the Vermont Rules of Appellate Procedure

This Order was promulgated on April 1, 2024, effective July 1, 2024.

Rule 3(e) is amended to make the appellee’s docketing statement optional. In many appeals, the appellee’s docketing statement is cumulative and not necessary for the Court or parties. Although the filing is no longer mandatory, as a matter of practice an appellee should consider whether filing one is useful in a particular case. 

Rule 27(b)(3) is amended to allow a reply in support of a motion. This is consistent with the federal appellate rule, as is the time allowed for the reply—7 days after service of the response unless otherwise ordered. This amendment does not affect V.R.A.P. 27(b)(1), which allows the Court to act on a motion for a procedural order without notice to, or response from, other parties.

Promulgation Order Adding Rule 8(d) to the 2020 Vermont Rules for Electronic Filing

This Order was promulgated on April 1, 2024, effective July 1, 2024.

Rule 8 is amended to add new subdivision (d), which addresses the manner for filing exhibits into the electronic filing system. This rule concerns the filing of exhibits related to an evidentiary hearing and does not address attachments to pleadings or motions, which are covered by Rule 5(g). The rule change codifies current practice for the efiling of exhibits. The Vermont Judiciary website contains detailed instructions on how to submit exhibits with an exhibit list as the lead document and the exhibits as attachments to that lead document. The amended rule requires that each exhibit be submitted as a separate document instead of as one compiled document. It is important to separate exhibits into separate files so individual exhibits can be properly tracked and marked as offered or admitted.